RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPULSORY VOTING
Coverage begins in October of 2020. For an overview of earlier events, see Chapter 1 of my book on compulsory voting. I welcome questions or feedback pertaining to the information provided on this page via email at: singh@uga.edu.

2023
September 2023
Australia

• In the Australian Capital Territory, the Greens put forth a bill to lower the territory's voting age to 16.  Compulsory voting would apply at 16, though the party suggested an "educational response" rather than a fine for new voters. The bill was voted down in the Legislative Assembly.

Belgium

• Belgium lowered the voting age for European Parliament elections from 18 to 16 for all European Union citizens living in the country and for Belgians living abroad ahead of the 2024 European Parliament elections (see May 2022 events below). Under the original legislation, for 16 and 17 year-olds, turning out was to be compulsory only for those who registered to vote. The Constitutional Court invalidated this legislation on the grounds that making 16 and 17-year olds register is discriminatory against a category of voters (registration is automatic for Belgians aged 18 and over). To respect this ruling, the Minister of the Interior proposed making voting in European elections optional for those under 18. The related bill must still get through the Belgian Council of Ministers and Parliament.

India

• The Chief Justice of the Madras High court rejected a petition directing the Indian government to compel turnout. 

August 2023
United States

• Fox News reported on tweets from 2020 in which Presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy, who in August 2023 was polling third among contenders for the Republican nomination, voiced support for compulsory voting.

July 2023
Chile

• Several members of the Council elected to draft a new constitution, which must be approved in a national plebiscite on December 17, 2023, proposed making voting voluntary for those aged 80 and above. This would be the highest age-based exemption among countries that use compulsory voting (the modal cutoff among older people is age 70). Compulsory voting was legislatively reestablished in Chile in early 2023 and is likely to be included in the constitution put before the public in December (see below).

France

• A former government minister delegate suggested compulsory voting as a response to ongoing rioting among disaffected youth, arguing that it could teach young people the meaning of citizenship and help them feel like more than "political scapegoats."

Kenya

• A minor party leader and erstwhile presidential candidate endorsed abstention fines for all eligible voters. 

June 2023
Australia

• A group of independents and Greens launched a campaign to lower the compulsory voting age to 16, albeit with no fines for those under 18. 

Cambodia

• Prime Minister Hun Sen instructed his government to amend the election law ahead of July’s general election to stipulate that anyone who does not vote will be banned from standing as a candidate in future races. 

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Mexico

• A senator presented an initiative to make voting compulsory, stating that his goal is to strengthen the constitutional obligation to turn out. (Article 36 can already be interpreted to imply compulsory voting).

United Kingdom

• Several members of the Welsh Parliament (Senedd) called for compulsory voting in local and Senedd elections. The First Minister expressed openness to the idea under the condition that there would be an option to vote for "none of the above."

May 2023
Canada

• The Liberal Party of Canada rejected a resolution put forth at their national convention that would have made enforced compulsory voting in federal elections part of the party's official platform. 

Chile

• The expert committee charged with writing a draft of a new constitution unanimously approved including the restoration of compulsory voting for elections and referendums in the new document. Thus, the legislation reinstating compulsory voting that became law in January will be constitutionalized if the expert-created draft is approved by the Constitutional Council—itself elected via mandatory voting on May 7. Sanctions for abstention would be left to ensuing legislation. Voting in primaries would remain voluntary.

March 2023
India

• A leader of the governing Bharatiya Janata Party filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Delhi High Court directing the central government and the Election Commission to implement compulsory voting in national and state elections. The Court rejected the PIL quickly thereafter, stating, "Is there any provision in the Constitution that makes voting compulsory?

​United States

• In New York State, a member of the lower house proposed legislation that would make voting mandatory in elections other than primaries or school board races. There would be a $10 penalty for abstention. The representative put forth a similar bill in 2017. 

February 2023
Switzerland

• The government council in the canton of Thurgau rejected a councilor's suggestion that the canton should consider adopting mandatory voting with a six franc fine for abstention. 

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United States

• A group of Connecticut legislators introduced a bill that would establish compulsory voting in all elections. Abstention without a valid excuse would be punishable by fine. 
• In Utah, a state representative sponsored legislation that would allow cities to impose compulsory voting. The maximum fine for abstention would be set at $25.

January 2023
Chile

• Legislation reinstating compulsory voting in Chile became law. The first affected elections will be the municipal and regional contests to be held in October 2024. Voting in the pair of 2023 elections surrounding the drafting of a new constitution (see December 2022 events below) will be compulsory due to separate legislation.
• The lower house approved the process for drafting a new constitution, slightly changing the dates established in December 2022 (see below). The vote was 109 votes in favor, 37 against, and two abstentions. The document will be drafted by a Council of 51 people, which will be elected by the public with compulsory voting on May 7, 2023. The Council will also include 24 experts and a 14-person technical advisory committee elected by Congress. The final step of the process will be a December 17, 2023 exit plebiscite, in which voting will again be mandatory.

Switzerland

• A cantonal councilor in Thurgau suggested the canton adopt mandatory voting with a six franc fine for abstention. This is the same as that employed in nearby Schaffhausen, which is currently the only Swiss canton to compel turnout. 

United States

• In the state of Washington, a member of the upper house and a member of the lower house introduced identical legislation that would make voting mandatory. There would be no penalty for abstention. 

2022
December 2022
Australia

• The state of Tasmania announced there would be no fines for those who did not vote in the first local elections with mandatory voting, held in October 2022. Penalties for abstention are likely to apply in future local elections. 

Chile

• The Senate voted 41-1 for a bill, which originated in the lower house in January 2020, that would reinstate compulsory voting in all elections but primaries. The House subsequently voted 124-6, with three abstentions, in favor of the bill. 
• Congress set a roadmap to draft a new constitution via a Council of 50 people, which will be elected by the public with compulsory voting in April 2023. The Council will also include 24 experts and a 14-person technical advisory committee elected by Congress. The final step of the process will be a November 2023 exit plebiscite, in which voting will again be mandatory.

Colombia

• The House of Representatives' First Permanent Constitutional Commission dropped compulsory voting from its political reform package. 

November 2022
Chile

• Following the rejection of a new constitution in a plebiscite held in September of 2022 with compulsory voting, the Chilean government proposed a revised process whereby a Constitutional Council elected with compulsory voting would draft a new constitution on the basis of a document provided by an expert commission. The resulting constitution would then be presented to the electorate in a plebiscite in which voting would be compulsory. 

Colombia

• A proposal that would make voting compulsory as part of a wider package of political reforms received initial approval from the House of Representatives' First Permanent Constitutional Commission. A similar proposal was approved by the Senate's companion commission in September of 2022 but was rejected by the wider body (see below). 

October 2022
​Australia

• The state of Tasmania held its first local elections with compulsory voting. Turnout was nearly 85 percent, as compared to about 59 percent in the previous elections.

Chile

• Following Chileans' rejection of a new constitution in a national plebiscite, the Christian Democratic Party conditioned its support for a renewed constitutional reform process on there being immediate discussion of a bill that originated in the Senate a year prior and would return compulsory voting for all elections. The government responded favorably to the demand, voicing its support for the reestablishment of compulsory voting in Chile. Shortly thereafter, the Senate Constitution Commission unanimously approved a bill that would reform the constitution to restore compulsory voting. The bill now advances to the full chamber. 

Colombia

• Legislation introduced the prior month in the Senate that would have implemented compulsory voting for a trial period (see below) was voted down 59 to 24. 

India

• The Election Commission signed several memorandums of understanding with businesses employing 100 or more workers in Gujarat to publish the names of those who abstain in the December 2022 assembly election on company websites and notice boards. 

Mexico

• The Ecological Green Party put forth an initiative in the legislature that would unequivocally constitutionalize compulsory voting for federal and local elections, as well as referenda. (Article 36 of the Mexican Constitution can already be interpreted to imply compulsory voting.) The penalty for abstention would be cancellation of abstainers' voter ID cards. 

September 2022
Chile

• Chileans voted to reject a new constitution, with about 62% voting against adoption. The new constitution would have returned compulsory voting to Chile. Participation in the constitutional plebiscite was itself mandatory, and turnout as a percentage of registered voters was about 86%.  
• In the wake of the rejection of the new constitution, a group of lower house legislators proposed a reform to the existing constitution that would establish compulsory voting. 

Colombia

• An act that would make voting compulsory received initial approval from the Senate's First Permanent Constitutional Commission. Per the legislation, the compulsory vote would be tried out in two pilot elections. In these, citizens would not be penalized for nonvoting. 

Costa Rica

• A member of the legislature introduced a bill that would institute fines for abstention under Costa Rica's constitutionalized but currently toothless system of compulsory voting. 

India

• The president of India, Droupadi Murmu, recommended that the upper house consider a private member's bill introducing compulsory voting, which was submitted in July of 2022.

August 2022
India

• Following several debates in the lower house, the central government responded to a 2019 private member's bill establishing compulsory voting. The Minister of State for Law and Justice remarked that compulsory voting in India would be impractical and could attract legal challenges. He also noted that voting is a right rather than a duty. This led to the withdrawal of the bill by its original author. 

July 2022
India

• A member of the upper house submitted a private member's bill that would establish compulsory voting.

Nigeria

• A government minister advocated for a constitutional amendment that would introduce compulsory voting. 

Paraguay

• The lower house deliberated a bill that would expand penalties for nonvoting.  While compulsory voting is unenforced in Paraguay, the electoral code does specify a monetary fine for abstention. The new legislation, which originated in the upper house, would make it impossible to carry out some public procedures, such as obtaining a passport or collecting subsidies, for those who do not pay the fine. The legislation also gives the national police the power to collect fines from nonvoters. The civic penalties for nonvoting were contentious, but the lower house ultimately opted to maintain them. The executive branch will now decide whether to promulgate the civic penalties. 

June 2022
​Australia

• Compulsory voting was introduced for local elections in the state of Tasmania. Abstainers will be fined AU$34.60. 

Colombia

• Despite Colombia's voluntary voting regime, the governor of an indigenous reservation in the city of Ipiales declared that voting in the second round of the 2022 presidential election would be mandatory for all residents. The announcement stipulated that a voting certificate would be required to obtain various official documents. 

May 2022
​Belgium

• Belgium lowered the voting age for European Parliament elections from 18 to 16 for all European Union citizens living in the country and for Belgians living abroad. Keeping with Belgium's compulsory voting regime, participation will be mandatory. Though, for 16 and 17 year-olds, turning out will only be compulsory for those who are registered to vote (registration is automatic for Belgians aged 18 and over). This will be the world's only case of 16 year-olds potentially being subject to compulsory voting. (Typically the requirement to vote begins at age 18, though, in Greece, where voting is compulsory but the law is wholly unenforced, the requirement begins at 17, the voting age.) 
  • ​My gratitude to Dieter Stiers for helpful information about this reform.

Chile

• In another plenary session, the Constitutional Conventional approved the reinstatement of compulsory voting for those aged 18 and over, as well as the explicit the extension of voluntary franchise to those aged 16 and 17. The vote had 109 votes in favor, 30 against, and 4 abstentions. If the new constitution is ratified in the national plebiscite scheduled for September, mandatory voting will return to Chile. 

April 2022
​Chile

• A plenary session of the Constitutional Conventional approved the reinstatement of compulsory voting for those aged 18 and over. The vote had 103 votes in favor, 31 against, and 18 abstentions. The text specifies voluntary voting for Chileans living abroad and for those under 18 (aged 16 or 17). If the new constitution is ratified in the national plebiscite scheduled for September, mandatory voting will return to Chile. 

Colombia

• A group of departmental governors issued a series of appeals to the next president, who will take office in August. Included was a request for the promotion of compulsory voting.

India

• The lower house debated a private member's bill that would introduce compulsory voting.

United States

• Congressman John Larson of Connecticut introduced a bill that would establish compulsory voting in regularly scheduled federal general elections. The bill proposes a $20 fine for abstention, and it explicitly rules out additional civil or criminal penalties or denial of government benefits for abstainers who do not pay the fine. 

​
March 2022
​Chile

• The Political System Commission of the Constitutional Convention approved an initiative to reinstate compulsory voting for those aged 18 and over (it would also enfranchise those aged 16 and 17) by a vote of 19 to 6. Enrollment would remain automatic. If the initiative is approved by a two-thirds vote in a forthcoming plenary session, it will be included in the draft of the new constitution. ​

Colombia

• A minor candidate in the 2022 presidential election, Íngrid Betancourt, advocated the adoption of compulsory voting.

​
​Malaysia

• A former Election Commission chairman suggested the country adopt compulsory voting to help increase turnout.

Peru

• Two members of Congress presented a bill that would establish voluntary voting in general, regional, and municipal elections. 

February 2022
France

• Two members of the lower house introduced legislation that would make voting mandatory and allow blank votes to be recognized.
• A minor candidate in the presidential election, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, made the introduction compulsory voting part of his platform. 

January 2022
Australia

• Legislation introduced in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) would reduce the voting age in its elections to 16. Unlike in other polities with compulsory voting and a voting age of 16, those under 18 in ACT would also be subject to compulsory voting. The proposed maximum fine for under 18s is AU$40. The current maximum fine for nonvoting in ACT elections is AU$80.

​Chile

• The Political System Commission of the Constitutional Convention approved a proposal that would reinstate compulsory voting for those aged 18 and over (it would also enfranchise those aged 16 and 17). Chileans living abroad would be exempt from the voting requirement. 

​
2021
December 2021
Chile

• Gabriel Boric, the president-elect, reaffirmed his support for a return to compulsory voting shortly before his victory in the second round of the presidential election. 
• Former president Ricardo Lagos, addressing the Constitutional Convention tasked with drawing a new constitution for Chile, again (see May events below) called for it to restore compulsory voting. 

India

• The lower house debated a private member's bill that would introduce compulsory voting.

November 2021
Cameroon​

• A group of several opposition parties proposed modifying the electoral code to introduce compulsory voting, among other reforms. 

October 2021
Cape Verde

• The leader of the Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union (UCID), António Monteiro, suggested the adoption of compulsory voting following low turnout in the presidential election. 

Colombia

• A member of the House of Representatives, Jorge Benedetti, introduced legislation that would make voting compulsory for 12 years under threat of monetary sanction. Benedetti has introduced similar legislation in the past. 

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France

• The National Assembly launched an online "citizens consultation" on abstention and electoral participation, which included the question: "Would you be in favor of compulsory voting?"

Malaysia

• A member of parliament, Ahmad Maslan, called for compulsory voting, suggesting fines and a prohibition on the renewal of driver's licenses for offenders.

​
Mexico

• A member of the lower house, María Eugenia Hernández Pérez, proposed an amendment to Article 31 of the constitution that would unequivocally implement compulsory voting at the federal level (Article 36 can already be interpreted to imply compulsory voting). Around the same time, a state legislator for Coahuila, Javier Cortes Gómez, proposed compulsory voting in elections and referenda. Abstention in Coahuila would entail a fine equivalent to 14 days of the minimum wage in Mexico City and a revocation of the right to vote for one year. 

United States

• ​In Massachusetts, the Joint Committee on Election Laws, which is comprised of members of the State House and State Senate, heard testimony on a bill that would make participation compulsory for eligible voters.

September 2021
Argentina

• The requirement to vote in the primary (PASO) elections was suspended for those with symptoms related to coronavirus. 

Chile

• Moving another step closer toward Chile's reinstitution of compulsory voting, with 25 votes in favor, 14 against, and one abstention, the Senate gave general support to the constitutional reform that would reinstate compulsory voting. 
• Four of the leading candidates for president in Chile's 2021 general election have expressed support for the adoption of compulsory voting, while two have expressed opposition. The four supporters are Eduardo Artés, Gabriel Boric, Franco Parisi, and Yasna Provoste, and the two opponents are José Antonio Kast and Sebastián Sichel.

August 2021
Chile

• Moving a step closer toward Chile's reinstitution of compulsory voting, the Internal Government Commission of the lower house approved the specifics of a bill that maintains automatic voter registration but allows for voluntary de-registration from the electoral register. Voluntary registration was a feature of Chile's prior compulsory voting law (voting was made voluntary in 2012). The bill then moved to the Senate for continued debate. But, back in the lower house, the bill ultimately failed after falling two "yes" votes short of the 89-vote quorum required for its approval. 

July 2021
Chile

• The Senate Constitution, Legislation, and Justice commission, in a 3 to 2 vote, approved legislation from the lower house (see June events below) that would restore the compulsory vote. The legislation does not include any sanctions for abstention. The legislation will now be debated in the full chamber and will require three-fifths support to pass. ​
• The Internal Government Commission of the lower house, in a 9 to 0 vote, endorsed a bill that would pave the way for sanctions for abstention upon the reinstatement of compulsory voting. The bill would allow exemptions for anyone who justifies their non-participation due to illness, absence from the country, being more than 200 kilometers from their polling place, or another serious impediment. The Commission also endorsed a bill that would restore citizens' ability to remove themselves from the electoral register in a 9 to 0 vote (with one abstention). Voluntary registration was a feature of Chile's prior compulsory voting law (voting was made voluntary in 2012). 

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Colombia

• A member of the House of Representatives, Jorge Benedetti, introduced draft legislation that would make voting compulsory for 12 years under threat of monetary sanction. Benedetti had introduced similar legislation a year prior.

June 2021
Argentina

• The government announced that people with coronavirus, symptoms of coronavirus, or close contact with someone with coronavirus will be exempt from the voting requirement in the November 2021 legislative elections and their associated primaries. This exclusion adds to existing exemptions, which include being more than 500 kilometers from one's polling place on election day, being ill, and having a public occupation that requires one to perform tasks that preclude turning out to vote. 

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Chile

• Shortly after gubernatorial elections in which turnout was less than 20% of registered voters, a constitutional reform that would restore compulsory voting was approved by the lower house with specific criteria. The bill follows an earlier general proposal, which passed the lower house in May (see below). The vote was 105 to 33, with 9 abstentions. The bill stipulates that all Chilean citizens over 18 years of age, with the exception of those residing abroad, are obliged to participate in general and local elections. Deviating from May's general proposal, exceptions for people over 75 years old and people in situations of disability or dependency were rejected. The bill does not specify any sanctions for abstention, but those could be legislated separately. The bill now advances to the Senate, which could see that mandatory voting returns to Chile before the general election scheduled to be held on November 21, 2021. 

May 2021
Chile

• Chileans elected a Constitutional Convention tasked with drawing a new constitution for the country. The Convention may consider restoring compulsory voting, which was abrogated in Chile in 2012 (at the same time automatic voter registration was adopted). One high-profile call for the Convention to restore compulsory voting came from former president Ricardo Lagos. The newly drawn constitution will be subject to a ratifying plebiscite, scheduled for 2022, in which voting will be mandatory.
• Less than two weeks after the election of the Convention, in which turnout was only about 43% of registered voters, the Chilean lower house approved in general a constitutional reform that would reintroduce compulsory voting by a vote of 107 to 16, with 23 abstentions. The new voting requirement would not apply to those aged 75 and over. (The previous compulsory voting rule in Chile did not have age-based exclusions.) The initiative will be now studied by the Internal Government Commission of the lower house and then, if it passes the lower house again, move on to the upper house. If the proposal were to clear all legislative hurdles quickly, mandatory voting could return before the general election scheduled for November 21, 2021—and before the Constitutional Convention finishes its work (likely in 2022). Thus, if the Convention were to include a compulsory voting rule in the constitution it drafts, it may end up replacing or duplicating an existing compulsory voting provision rather than restoring the requirement to vote. 

April 2021
Belgium

• The Flemish government formally approved the abolition of compulsory voting for municipal and provincial elections beginning in 2024, acting on legislation that originated in 2019. Voting remains mandatory in regional, federal, and European contests in Belgium, as well as in municipal and provincial elections outside of Flanders.

​
Canada

• The leader of the opposition Conservative Party, Erin O'Toole, said he was “thinking about and talking about” Australia's voting requirement and would "look closely at what Australia's been doing." He subsequently claimed to be in "listening mode" with regard to the idea of compulsory voting in Canada. 

Peru

• Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people aged 65 or over who did not vote in the general election were not subject to sanctions. Typically, the exception to the voting obligation begins at age 70. Sanctions were also waived for people in health-based COVID-19 risk groups. Face masks were compulsory for all voters.

Samoa

• Samoa held its first ever general election under compulsory voting (a by-election was held under mandatory rules in 2019). The fine for abstention was 100 tālā (about US$40). 

March 2021
Azerbaijan 

• The leader of the Republican Alternative Party, Ilgar Mammadov, proposed the adoption of compulsory voting. 

India

• The Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly called for the nationwide implementation of compulsory voting. Voting is already compulsory, though abstention is not punished, in select local elections in Karnataka. 

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January 2021
France

• A group of three senators tabled a bill that would make voting compulsory and allow for the recognition of blank votes.

Peru

• Congressional candidate Adriana Tudela has made ending compulsory voting a centerpiece of her campaign for the April 2021 general election on the grounds that a "captive vote" leads parties to make a weak effort to present quality candidates and policy proposals. 

United States

• A Connecticut state senator proposed a bill that would institute a $20 fine for abstention without a valid excuse or conscientious objection. Violators would have the option of serving two hours of community service in lieu of paying the fine. 
• A Massachusetts state representative introduced a bill that would institute a $15 fine for abstention, having introduced an identical bill in 2019. 

​2020
December 2020
Brazil

• Vice President Hamilton Mourão questioned the need for mandatory voting on the grounds that many candidates were elected with fewer votes than the sum of blank votes, null votes, and abstentions in the second round of municipal elections, which had a turnout of about 70% of registered voters. Shortly thereafter, two members of the Supreme Federal Court defended compulsory voting, noting its ability to neutralize radicalism and the trivial nature of the fine for abstention in Brazil, while also noting that optional voting would be ideal for Brazil after further democratic consolidation.

November 2020
Brazil

• False information spread on social media claiming that those aged 60 and above would not be obliged to participate in municipal elections due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In reality, the constitutional stipulation that individuals age 18-70 are required to vote applied. Legislation introduced in the lower house in July 2020 would have lowered the maximum age of enforcement to 60 for the 2020 municipal elections, but it was not approved. 

Chile

• Four senators introduced a bill aimed at amending the constitution to reinstate compulsory voting (which was abolished in 2012 at the same time automatic voter registration was adopted) for those under 65 years of age.

October 2020
Bolivia

• Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people aged 60 or over who did not vote in the general election were not subject to sanctions. Typically, the exception to the voting obligation begins at age 70. 

Chile

• In a national plebiscite, Chileans voted to replace the country’s constitution. Voting in the plebiscite was voluntary, and participation in the April 2021 election [note: this was delayed until May 2021 due to COVID-19] of the members of the convention that will write the new constitution will also be voluntary. However, voting in the 2022 ratification plebiscite will be compulsory.

Portugal

• André Ventura, a member of parliament, presidential candidate, and founder of Chega, a right-wing party, proposed a constitutional revision that would introduce sanctioned compulsory voting.